At the completion of this unit the student will be able to....

1. Describe normal bone growth at the growth plate and periosteum and explain the mechanism of skeletal calcification.

2. Explain the pathogenesis of rickets and osteomalacia in children and adults.

3. Describe the symptoms, clinical signs and complications of osteoporosis. List factors that predispose to the development of osteoporosis.

4. Describe the diagnostic microscopic features and major complications of Paget disease of bone.

5. Define and describe callus. Identify the cells that contribute to the formation of callus.

6. Describe the pathogenesis and pathological features of each of the following abnormalities of bone growth: achondroplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, myositis ossificans (fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva), and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.

7. Name two conditions that predispose to the development of bone infarcts (avascular necrosis).

8. Define osteomyelitis, sequestrum, involucrum, and Brodie abscess. List the genus of bacteria most frequently involved in osteomyelitis and describe common clinical symptoms and signs in osteomyelitis.

9. Describe the characteristic age of onset, site, and characteristic clinical symptoms and signs that permit the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia, osteoid osteoma, giant cell tumor of bone, osteochondroma and enchondroma.

10. Describe the characteristic age of onset site, sexual predilection and characteristic radiologic and clinical symptoms and signs that permit the diagnosis of osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma of bone, multiple myeloma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

11. Define: Codman triangle, sunburst, and punctate calcification.

12. Describe the anatomy of a diarthrodial joint. List the main constituents of articular cartilage matrix.

13. Explain the pathogenesis of primary and secondary gout, its gross and microscopic features, and the nature of the crystals deposited.

14. Define: Tophus, chondrocalcinosis, Milwaukee shoulder, Pott's disease, Reiter syndrome, Charcot joint, osteophyte, Hebreden's nodes, joint mice, rheumatoid factor, eburnation, pannus, Still's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, Felty's syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, Lyme disease.

15. Describe the typical clinical features of septic arthritis and name the bacteria which are most frequently involved.

16. Describe typical gross and microscopic changes seen in the articular cartilage in osteoarthritis. Explain how these changes reflect the pathogenic process in degenerative joint disease.

17. Describe the typical clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis: age, sexual predilection, joints most often affected, laboratory findings, characteristic gross and microscopic features, and pathogenesis.

18. Define the listed Keywords.

19. Identify, from projected slides, each of the diseases/conditions in the Supplemental Image Database.