Pathology 851, Kidney, Keywords

Keywords: Chapter 16, Kidney

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis

Inflammatory glomerular disease characterized by neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in glomerular capillaries and variable glomerular deposition of immune complexes, by definition acute and, in the case of post streptococcal association, it regresses by itself leaving no permanent damage

Acute tubular necrosis

(ATN) acute injury of the renal tubules that results in acute renal failure, it need not actually involve necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells, sufficient injury to impede active transport of salt and water from the tubular lumen back into the blood will cause a shut down of glomerular filtration

Allergic or drug induced acute interstitial nephritis

Inflammatory reaction destructive of renal tubules, it may be antibody or T-lymphocyte mediated, caused by an exogenous substance, often drugs but bacterial products have also been implicated

Analgesic nephropathy

Chronic tubular degeneration and interstitial fibrosis beginning in the renal medulla resulting from the chronic ingestion of large amounts of phenacetin containing analgesics

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease

A form of glomerulonephritis, often crescentic glomerulonephritis, resulting from an autoantibody to glomerular basement membrane

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Previously referred to as adult onset polycystic kidney disease because the onset of renal failure is not until adulthood; the genetic abnormality is present from the beginning and renal failure can occur in childhood.

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

Previously referred to as infantile onset polycystic kidney disease because of the common timing of the onset of symptoms, but a wide variety of severity, and therefor timing of onset, of this disease is possible

Benign nephrosclerosis

Same appearance as hypertensive renal disease occurring in association with arterial or arteriolar sclerosis but not hypertension; the condition can lead to chronic renal failure and therefore is not all that benign

Crescentic glomerulonephritis

A collection of fibrin, inflammatory cells and epithelial cells filling the glomerular urinary space, it is an indication of large scale rupture of glomerular capillaries and as such serves as a measure of severity of damage not as an indication of any specific disease

Cystic renal dysplasia

Abnormal development of renal structures and tissues; a variety of abnormal mesenchymal tissues may be present, usually caused by fetal ureteral obstruction, the kidney is usually nonfunctional

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis

Glomerular alterations which occur in diabetes mellitus, hyperglycosilation of matrix proteins, alteration of the glomerular capillary basement membrane with resultant proteinuria and expansion of the mesangial matrix into glomerular capillaries with decreased glomerular filtration capacity

Ectopic kidney

Kidney which developed in an abnormal position; the most common problem is abnormal ureteral placement and reflux or obstruction

Glomerular basement membrane

Basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries and a part of the glomerular ultrafiltration barrier; net negative charge on the glomerular basement membrane repels albumin which would otherwise pass through

Glomerular epithelial cell

Epithelial cells on the outside, or urinary space side, of the glomerular basement membrane; they maintain the basement membrane chemistry

Glomerular mesangium

In the center of the glomerular capillary tuft, these contractile and phagocytic cells help regulate blood flow through the glomerular capillaries and phagocytose any foreign debris getting stuck in the glomerulus

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammatory glomerular diseases, usually result in holes being punched in glomerular capillaries which results in hematuria and proteinuria

Glomerulus

Kidney capillary plasma ultrafiltration unit

Hereditary nephritis

A group of rare genetic disorders resulting in structurally defective glomerular (and other) basement membranes which leads to hematuria and proteinuria

Hydronephrosis

Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, and flattening of the papillae, urinary tract obstruction and/or reflux is often present; in long standing cases cortical atrophy also occurs

Hypertensive renal disease

A specific form of non inflammatory glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis associated with hypertension and/or arterial sclerosis

Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and hyalinosis

A glomerular disorder causing nephrosis which begins looking like minimal change disease but develops increasingly numerous sclerotic glomeruli; it often progresses to renal failure

Iga nephropathy

Glomerulonephritis associated with IGA-C' mesangial immune complex deposition, results in nephritic disease most patients and slowly (over 10 to 30 years) progressive glomerular sclerosis (numbers in some published series differ from those given in the text book)

Ischemic acute tubular necrosis

ATN resulting from ischemic injury

Lupus nephritis

Glomerulonephritis occurring in systemic lupus erythematosus resulting from the glomerular deposition of immune complexes

Malignant nephrosclerosis

The rapidly progressive renal damage associated with malignant hypertension, that severity of hypertension which will exceed the mechanical strength of the arteriole wall causing extravasation of blood into the arteriole wall and transmission of high pressures to the capillary and venules.

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Chronic inflammatory glomerular disease characterized by subepithelial immune complex deposition, mesangial and capillary hypercellularity and capillary basement membrane duplication over the immune complex deposits

Membranous glomerulonephritis

A glomerular disorder caused be the subepithelial development of IGG-C' immune complexes, loss of glomerular basement membrane negative charge and nephrosis; it is sometimes associated with hepatitis B, lupus, some drug reactions, and cancer

Minimal change nephrotic syndrome

A glomerular disorder causing nephrosis and caused by injury to glomerular epithelial cells and loss of glomerular basement membrane negative charge leading to nephrosis

Nephritic syndrome

Hematuria, red cell casts, proteinuria, sometimes reduced glomerular filtration rate. Excessive loss of albumin through glomeruli (usually over 3 grams per day), hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, peripheral edema

Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

A malignant mixed tumor of the kidney seen in children usually 1 to 3 years of age

Non inflammatory glomerulopathies

Abnormalities of the glomerular basement membrane, generally acquired, which result in nephrotic syndrome (the relatively rare group of patients with hereditary nephritis usually present with hematuria)

Progressive systemic sclerosis

One of the collagen vascular diseases, in the kidney (and elsewhere) it causes constriction of small arteries by concentric intimal fibrosis, severe hypertension is often a late secondary problem

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the parenchyma, calyces and renal pelvis; acute pyelonephritis virtually always results from an ascending bacterial infection, usually with Gram-negative organisms. It is the most common source for Gram-negative septicemia.

Renal amyloidosis

Deposition of amyloid in glomerular mesangium and glomerular basement membrane resulting in proteinuria

Renal cell carcinoma

Malignant neoplasm derived from renal tubular epithelial cells; represents the vast majority of all malignancies of the kidney in adults

Renal failure, acute and chronic

Loss of glomerular filtration rate, blood creatinine and urea levels rise, loss of control of blood volume and/or electrolyte content are usually the clinically most critical abnormalities

Renal vascular hypertension

Hypertension caused by constriction of a renal artery resulting in high renin output

Thrombotic microangiopathy

Systemic disease of vascular endothelium and platelets; in the kidney, thrombi of platelets and fibrin form in arterioles and glomerular capillaries

Toxic acute tubular necrosis

ATN resulting from substances toxic to tubular epithelial cells

Urate nephropathy

Renal tubular injury caused by the deposition of urate crystals in the tubules of peritubular interstitium

Urolithiasis

The presence of "stones" usually of uric acid, calcium, oxalate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate in the renal pelvis and/or calyces; these may cause urinary tract obstruction and/or focus of persistent urinary tract infection

Wegener granulomatosis (ANCA positive renal disease)

Highly destructive vasculitis of small vessels, usually involves the kidneys and upper and lower respiratory tracts although any organ may be effected. In the kidney, this disease causes a very destructive, often crescentic glomerulonephritis.