a region containing the full length of the myosin filaments and also parts of actin filaments; located in the sarcomere of skeletal muscle; see also H band
Cell that is efficient in absorbing substances from the lumen via apical cytoplasmic processes (microvilli or stereocilia)
cell of the adenohypophysis which stains pink red; i.e. somatotropes and mammatropes
a cell of an acinus unit
cells arranged into a circular secretory unit (i.e. pancreatic acinus and mucous acinus)
dense structure of the anterior portion of a sperm cell; contains enzymes that allow it to penetrate the egg during fertilization
thin filament protein which allows contractility and confers support in cells
malignant cancer with cells arranged in a gland-like pattern; i.e. prostate and breast adenocarcinoma
anterior lobe of the pituitary; composed of glandular secretory tissue
large cell (up to 200 um in diameter) with only a thin rim of cytoplasm due to the presence of a large flat droplet; TEM shows an external lamina; stores large lipid vacuoles
a grouping of adipocytes
cell of the adenohypophysis which produces ACTH and LPH
connective tissue with high content of adipose, nerves, and blood vessels
vessel that branches from an interlobular artery and supplies the glomerulus
a vessel involved in bringing lymph to the lymph node
protein that anchors actin to the Z-disk
long airway lined only with alveolar cells and some smooth muscle
macrophage located in the alveolar space and its surrounding connective tissue; serves to remove inhaled particles; also referred to as "dust cell"
alveoli cluster surrounding an air space; found at the end of alveolar ducts
the site where alveoli exchange gas with the blood; composed of:
1) the basic unit of gas exchange; small air-filled chamber lined by squamous cells
2) mammary gland secretory structure; lined by cuboidal cells and myoepithelial cells
innermost membrane surrounding the embryo
see oviduct
gland of the anus associated with hair follicles
branched, straight tubular mucus gland extending into the submucosa
area where the simple columnar epithelium of the rectal mucosa meets an area of stratified squamous epithelium
see basal plate
space between the cornea and the iris; filled with aqueous humor
see adenohypophysis
black debris found in the alveolar macrophages of those individuals chronically exposed to smoke
a cell that processes and presents antigens to lymphocytes; this category includes:
cavity inside the secondary and Graafian follicles
that side of the cell facing the lumen; typically the site of secretion and reception of substances (i.e. hormones, antibodies, and nutrients)
large sweat gland associated with hair follicles in the eyelid, axilla, areola, anal region, and genitalia
controlled cellular death in which the organelles are packaged in membranes for eventual phagocytosis; apparent as a shrinkage in cell size and a pyknotic nucleus
bone growth due to addition of new matrix by osteoblasts in bone or chondroblasts in cartilage
endocrine cell of the digestive tract; activated by nervous stimulation
watery fluid of the anterior chamber and posterior chamber of eye
branch of the interlobar artery; traces a course along the base of the renal pyramid
vessel carrying blood away from the kidney medulla; traces a course along the pyramid base
small muscle attached to the base of a hair follicle
vessel with 1-2 layers of smooth muscle; leads to a capillary
vessel which takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart to tissues
fluid found in the peritoneal cavity; consists of mesothelial cells, red blood cells, leukocytes and may contain cancer cells
necrotic mass of lipid and cells (macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts) resulting from endothelial damage
disintegrating follicle within the ovary; has not undergone ovulation
a wasting away of muscle due to denervation or disuse
ganglion cell group between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa in the digestive tract; controls motility of the digestive tract
extension of neurons which transmits signals to other neurons or effector cells
the point from which the axon emerges from the neuron body
the lysosome of leukocytes
Bronchus Associated Lymphatic Tissue; lymphatic aggregations of the respiratory system
precursor to the neutrophil with an "S" shaped nucleus
juvenile/immature forms of granulocytes with "U" or "S" shaped nuclei; immediate precursors to the mature forms
structure derived from the centriole which organizes the microtubules of cilia
a cell type that comprises the bottom layer of epithelia; serves as precursor/replacement for the cells above it
noncellular, protein-polysaccharide layer which anchors an epithelium to the connective tissue beneath; also known as 'lamina densa' known in light microscopy as basement membrane
maternal side of the placenta; many blood vessels traverse here to supply the intervillous space; contains numerous anchoring villi which attach it to the chorionic plate
that side of the cell that is anchored to the basal lamina or to other cells; faces away from the lumen
Light microscopic term for basal lamina
membrane within the cochlea; its vibrations allow for frequency determination, with high frequency sounds discriminated at the base, and low frequency sounds at the apex
1) least in number of all leukocytes; possesses vasoactive and immunoreactive substances similar to those of mast cells which are released after IgE binding; nucleus often obscured by coarse cytoplasmic blue (H&E) granules in cytoplasm.
2) cell of the adenohypophysis which stains blue-purple; includes: adrenocorticolipotropes, gonadotropes, and thyrotropes
erythrocyte precursor slightly smaller than the proerythroblast; has deeply basophilic cytoplasm; EM reveals considerable numbers of polyribosomes present (beginning of hemoglobin synthesis at this stage); division of basophilic erythroblast gives rise to polychromatophilic erythroblast
product of the liver stored in the gallbladder and released into the duodenum; allows for solubilization and uptake of lipids
"canal" between two adjacent hepatocytes; site of bile release from the hepatocyte
ducts which carry bile from the liver parenchyma; bile ducts fuse to form the hepatic duct
the earlier precursor of blood cells
structure that carries blood and blood-borne substances; lined by smooth muscle; types include:
the junctional complex between adjacent Sertoli cells; keeps developing germ cells isolated from potentially harmful antibodies of the circulation
a barrier between lymphocytes and the lumen of vessels in the thymus; consists of:
see lymphocyte
specialized connective tissue with a mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix
blood-rich material in the center of bone; involved in hemopoiesis
flat cell that aligns bone surfaces; is an inactive osteoprogenitor cell
stage in bone repair; replaces the fibrocartilaginous callus after mineralization
site of plasma filtration; a double-layered cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
"olfactory gland"; the secretion of this serous glands traps and dissolves odor-producing particles in the nasal cavity to allow for new smells to be detected
basal lamina of the corneal epithelium
branches of this vessel supply all lung tissue except for the alveoli
this vessel drains the connective tissue of the lung hilus
also known as "Clara cell"; nonciliated cell lining bronchioles that secretes a lipoprotein to prevent adhesion of the airway walls
structure extending from the bronchi to the alveoli
see trachea
submucosal mucous glands of the duodenum
the appearance of the numerous microvilli of an absorptive epithelium
a columnar epithelial cell of the respiratory system with numerous microvilli; serves as a sensory receptor; basal surface is in contact with a nerve ending
a stage of endochondral bone formation in which cartilage previously laid down is mineralized
opening at the corneal-scleral junction which drains the aqueous humor
"tunnel" which allows osteocytes housed in separate lacunae to communicate via cytoplasmic processes
cell that exhibits uncontrolled growth; may spread throughout the organism affected
a small blood vessel which receives from arteries and delivers to veins; thin endothelium is ideal for exchange of substances
the side opposite the urinary pole in the glomerulus; contains blood
material of the capsule consisting of sulfated proteoglycans
1)a covering layer of connective tissue of the lymph node, spleen, testis, prostate and other organs
2)secreted matrix surrounding the lacunae of chondrocytes
a condition in which cancer cells are limited (at least temporarily) by the basement membrane from spreading to other areas
gland located within the stomach at its junction with the esophagus; similar in property to the esophageal cardiac gland
involuntary, striated muscle that makes up the mass of the heart and lines some large vessels (i.e. large branches of the pulmonary vein)
the elongate cell whose contractile and electric communication properties allow the heart to beat
tissue consisting of chondrocytes and a surrounding matrix; types include:
supporting structure found in good number in the bronchi; becomes smaller and less numerous in smaller bronchial branches
C-shaped hyaline cartilage which maintains the tubular shape of the trachea and the main bronchi
the main mass of the cell, from which various processes may extend
the full developmental stages of a given cell
name for the splenic artery within the white pulp
large vessel which drains the hepatic sinusoids
cellular stucture involved in organizing the microtubular apparatus and also the mitotic spindle which is needed for faithful division of genetic material in cellular division
a cell of the proximal intercalated duct within the pancreatic acinus
mucous gland of the cervical mucosa; secretes less viscous mucous during mid-menstrual cycle
lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing
see myometrium
see stroma
basophilic cell of the stomach fundic gland that secretes pepsinogen and a weak lipase
a cell that secretes cartilage matrix; referred to as chondrocyte when surrounded by matrix
see chondroblast
a region of cartilage formation
fetal part of the placenta from which chorionic villi project
finger-like extension of the chorionic plate which allows for maternal-fetal blood exchange; lined on the outer surface by the syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast and contains a core of fetal blood vessels; the intervillous spaces contain maternal blood; this arrangment allows for maternal-fetal exchange
vascular layer which provides nutrition to the retina
cell of the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
a tightly packed complex of DNA and histones (proteins) located in the nucleus
cell of the adenohypophysis which does not stain
paired chromatids joined by a centromere; the chromatids consist of chromatin; humans possess 23 paired chromosomes
tissue located between iris and choroid; produces the aqueous humor and houses muscles which control lens shape
smooth muscle of the ciliary body that controls the shape of the lens
the typical epithelium of the respiratory system; the cilia serve to move mucus and inhaled particles
cell equipped with cilia; primarily in the respiratory system and the oviduct
projection of certain cells containing microtubules which allows for cellular movement or the propulsion of other particles (i.e. mucus, an oocyte, etc.)
allows lens to become more spherical
large, dome-shaped structures anterior to the sulcus terminalis of the tongue which contain taste buds
see bronchiolar cell
hexagonal model of liver organization with six portal triads surrounding a central vein
spaces within the myelin sheath containing Schwann cell cytoplasm
a model for splenic circulation in which blood empties from splenic arterioles into the sinuses of the red pulp
the coiled structure located in the inner ear that houses the auditory apparatus
space divided into the scala vestibuli superiorly and scala tympani inferiorly and the scala media in the center
A triangular space bordered by the basilar membrane, Reissner's membrane, and the lateral cochlear wall
the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
a large grouping of collagen fibers
see collagen
the basic functional and structural unit of collagen fibers consisting of a repeating pattern of collagen molecules in a banded array
a triple helix protein which allows for great tensile strength; types include:
duct of the kidney cortex and medulla that drains the tubule network into the larger ducts of Bellini; lined by squamous cells, cuboidal cells, and columnar epithelial cells, in that order as the duct increases in size
tubule that emerges in the cortical labyrinth; a number of these merge to form a collecting duct within a medullary ray
same as central vein
gel-like material of the follicles; site of thyroglobulin storage
a cell which is taller than it is wide; lines large glands and ducts; ideal for absorptive epithelia
structure which drains the cystic and hepatic duct into the duodenum
bone characterized by heavy matrix deposition; confers great tensile strength; also known as 'cortical' bone
structures of the respiratory system which bring air to the sites of gas exchange; include:
photoreceptor cell responsible for color vision
mucus membrane lining the space between inner eyelids and surface lateral to the cornea
supportive tissue; includes:
capillaries with a continuous endothelium; present in muscle, lung, and the CNS
chief refractive element and anterior window of the eye
a vessel that brings blood to heart tissue
a vessel that takes deoxygenated blood away from heart tissue
a degenerated corpus luteum; filled with lipid and hyaline
see erectile tissue
after ovulation, the collapsed Graafian follicle gives rise to this endocrine structure; produces progesterone and estrogen
see erectile tissue
1) the outer layer of the lymph node and thymus; contains high concentration of lymphocytes
2) the outer portion of a given organ
3) the outer portion of the adrenal gland; comprised of the (outer to inner):
the combination of the renal corpuscle, the proximal and distal tubules
also known as "subcapsular sinus"; area under the capsule where the afferent lymphatic vessels drain; lined by myoepithelial cells
cell of the pituitary which stimulates release of hormones by the adrenal cortex
area of the tonsil that contains large amounts of lymphocytes
mucous gland of the intestinal mucosa
a cell with even dimensions on all sides; serves for absorption, barrier, and especially duct-lining
derivative of the trophoblast (a segment of the blastocyst which gives rise to the supportive structures of the embryo) that is mitotically active and fuses with the syncytiotrophoblast
cells of the endometrial stroma which, under the influence of estrogen and progesterone, store large amounts of glycogen; this creates a favorable environment for implantation of the blastocyst; appears as large, pale cell
area of the lymph node cortex which is adjacent to the medulla; T-lymphocytes are abundant here
the signal receiving appendage of neurons
connective tissue with randomized arrangement of abundant collagen fibers and sparse cellular content (i.e. submucosa)
connective tissue with ordered and densely packed fibers (i.e. collagen) and cells; provides significant strength; see also tendon
connective tissue evaginations from the dermis into the epidermis
the inner layer of the skin; composed of dense irregular connective tissue
basal lamina of the corneal endothelium
a strong adhesion on the lateral surfaces of cells; the strength is imparted by intermediate filament; also known as 'macula adherens'
process of lymphocyte migration through the blood vessel lining
the shaft of a long bone
increases the iris (pupil) opening
a tortuous tubule of the cortex lined by cuboidal cells; exchanges sodium for potassium, reabsorbs bicarbonate, and converts ammonia to ammonium; houses the macula densa
tubule of the medullary ray lined by cuboidal cells
cell of the bladder which changes shape according to the state of distension
the top surface of the tongue which is covered with papillae
conduit that delivers substances from site of production to target site; sweat ducts are typically simple cuboidal epithelium or stratified cuboidal epithelium
structure that connects the rete testis to the ductus epididymis; lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
same as vas deferens; leads from the ductus epididymis to the prostatic urethra; lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium
highly coiled tube lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium; the principal cells of this epithelium possess stereocilia which move maturing spermatozoa through the channel
see Brunner's gland
the initial portion of the intestine; receives contents of the stomach
one of the more mature spermatozoan precursors; it is a round cell that is attached to the apical membrane of a Sertoli cell
sweat gland found all over the body except the lips and external genitalia
drainage vessel of the glomerulus
a vessel that takes lymph away from the lymph node
the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle form this structure in the body of the prostate gland; empties into the urethra
vessel with dense concentration of elastic laminae in the tunica media; i.e. aorta
see cartilage
consists primarily of elastic fibers
connective tissue fiber that allows for flexibility; composed of the protein elastin
elastic fibers arranged in concentric layers:
polypeptide component of elastic fibers
the heart wall layer which contacts blood; consists of outer endothelial layer and inner subendothelial layer of connective tissue
the part of the cervix facing inward toward the uterus; see also squamocolumnar junction
a process of bone formation involving a cartilaginous precursor which is later mineralized and replaced with bone; occurs in all long bones
fluid of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
lining of the uterus and cervix consisting of two layers:
the uterine lining undergoes changes during the menstrual cycle:
connective tissue layer of reticular fibers surrounding muscle fibers
connective tissue which surrounds individual nerve fibers
membrane-enclosed compartment surrounding a particle/cell that was phagocytosed
lining of the bone surface facing the marrow and also of trabeculae; consists of osteoprogenitor cells that are referred to as "endosteal cells"
connective tissue which surrounds a fasicle (the subunit of a tendon); contains vessels and nerves
squamous cell that lines blood and lymphatic vessels
1)layer of endothelial cells and their underlying basement membrane; lines all but the smallest vessels
2)the deepest layer of the cornea
see APUD cell
leukocyte with bilobed nuclei; engages in phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complex; possesses histaminase and other enzymes which neutralize the substances released by mast cells and basophils to prevent hyperinflammation; bilobed nucleus (humans); rodent eosinophils have annular shaped nucleus and monkeys eosinophils contain multilobed nuclei; have red granules (H&E) in cytoplasm
see pericardium
outer layer of skin; the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that comprises the upper skin layer; extensive keratin deposition allows for effective barrier function; has five strata (from inner to outer):
dense connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fiber fascicles (bundles)
also known as "adrenaline"; hormone of the adrenal medulla; involved in the sympathetic response
connective tissue that binds bundles of nerve fibers
cartilaginous layer at the epiphysis of long bones which is the site of longitudinal bone growth
the ends of long bones
connective tissue layer that surrounds a tendon
stellate-shaped cell that serves a supportive role in the thymus
the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum which when engorged with blood, allow for erection
another name for the rough endoplasmic reticulum
see red blood cell
the process of red blood cell formation, occurs in the bone marrow
a kidney protein which stimulates erythropoeisis in times of reduced tissue oxygen
gland of the terminal esophagus; located in the lamina propria; secretes a neutral mucus to protect the esophagus from gastric regurgitation
occurs throughout the esophageal submucosa; secretes a slightly acid secretion which lubricates the esophageal lumen
steroid hormone which maintains/develops female sex characteristics
light-staining matter of the nucleus; represents less condensed, more actively transcribed DNA regions
see duct; in esophagus: lined by stratified squamous epithelium as it emerges from the esophageal gland
the segment of the cervix facing the vaginal space; see also squamocolumnar junction
voluntary sphincter of the anus
see elastic laminae
same as external elastic lamina
outer layer of the hair follicle; derived from a downgrowth of the epidermis
debris material containing dead leukocytes and foreign cells found at sites of infection
a hair of the eyelid
protects the eye from foreign objects and desiccation
filamentous actin composed of two G-actin (globular actin) strands
plates on the transverse intercalated disc that allow muscle cells to anchor to each other; analogous to the zonula adherens of epithelial cells
capillary with a discontinuous basal lamina as well as gaps (covered by diaphragms) between the endothelial cells
a discontinuous basal lamina of a fenestrated capillary covered by a diaphragm
Fusiform cell with cytoplasm that is usually indistinguishable from the surrounding matrix; tapering processes are present but are difficult to visualize in most sections; some very active cells have basophilic cytoplasm; has elliptical nucleus, sometimes slightly folded, with sparse chromatin that presents a "speckled" appearance (may be mistaken for plasma cell); has one to two nucleoli; makes fibers and ground substance
see cartilage
a stage of bone repair in which fibrocartilage is deposited to stabilize the ends of the fractured bones; later replaced by the bony callus
dense irregular connective tissue and smooth muscle of the prostate gland
appendages on the dorsal surface of the tongue; covered with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
finger-like extensions of the infundibulum which catch the oocyte after its departure from the ovary
a cell that is a resident of connective tissue; i.e mast cell
a macrophage containing large lipid stores; located within an atherosclerotic plaque
appendages of the dorsolateral surface of the tongue; contain many taste bud
1) the spherical structure responsible for hormone production in the thyroid gland
2) see hair follicle
pituitary hormone which stimulates the maturation of the ovarian follicle
the cuboidal cell of the thyroid follicle or the developing follicle
the process of follicular development; includes several stages (in the following order):
simple, branched tubular gland of the stomach fundus that produces the substances necessary for digestion; contains Chief cells, mucous neck cells, parietal cells, APUD cells, and stem cells
mushroom-shaped appendages of the dorsal tongue; contain numerous taste buds
"globular" actin, appears bead-like in structure
Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue; lymphatic aggregates located throughout the digestive tract
a group of neuronal cell bodies
1) a cell of a ganglion 2) postganlionic cell of the adrenal medulla; causes release of norepinephrine and epinephrine upon nervous stimulation
layer of the neural retina which houses neurons involved in transmitting the signals of photoreception
channel that allows electrical, electrolyte, and fluid communication between adjacent cells; also known as nexus
another name for fundic glands
depression of the stomach lining that opens into the gastric gland
area of lymphatic tissue containing rapidly developing/differentiating lymphocytes
cuboidal cells that line the surface of the ovary; does NOT give rise to germ cells
structure involved in producing substances to be secreted; sweat glands tend to be lined by either stratified cuboidal epithelium or stratified columnar_epithelium
GBM; basal lamina between the podocytes and endothelium; allows selective permeability by size and charge (positive, small particles filter easier
capillary meshwork of the kidney nephron
see zona fasciculata
primary energy storage form of animal cells; appear as empty vacuoles in LM
special mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cell located in the respiratory system and intestines; large vacuoles can be seen in light microscopy
cellular structure involved in modifying, packaging, sorting, and secreting proteins; has cis face for receiving and trans face for releasing products
LH and FSH; released by the gonadotropes
cell of the adenohypophysis which releases LH and FSH
see folliculogenesis
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, all of which possess certain immunoreactive substances contained in granules
the developmental process of granulocytes
cell which comprises a layer which surrounds the antrum of the mature follicle; catalyzes the conversion of androgens to estrogen
cell of the corpus luteum derived from the granulosa cell
viscous substance that occupies the space between fibroblasts and connective tissue
a region of the sarcomere with only myosin filaments; shortens with contraction
appendage of the skin composed of keratinized cells
the cell of audioreception protruding from the basilar membrane; registers vibration, which is then converted to electrical signals transmitted along the cochlear nerve
skin structure from which hairs arise
concentric arrangement of epithelioreticular cells; more prominent in adults
see Haversian system
concentric lamellae arranged around a central (Haversian) canal which conatins blood vessels and nerve supply
alveolar macrophage filled with hemosiderin; indicative of congestive heart failure
a cell that stimulates B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes to carry out their respective functions
same as hemopoiesis
structure on the basal surface of an epithelial cell that anchors it to connective tissue elements
large cell with basophilic cytoplasm and large nucleus which was at one time considered to be the precursor to all blood cell types
process of blood cell formation from a common stem cell; occurs in bone marrow in the adult
debris found in heart failure cells
see liver acinus
vessel carrying oxygen rich blood to the liver
duct which delivers bile from the liver to the cystic and common bile ducts
sinusoids of the liver
drains deoxygenated blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava
the basic functional cell of the liver
axonal dilation within the neurons of the pars nervosa; contains either oxytocin or vasopressin
dark staining regions of chromatin in the nucleus; signifies DNA regions of little transcripitional activity
the area of a lymph node where vessels enter and exit
macrophage-like cell of the chorionic villus; unknown function; contains stores of lipids and glycoproteins
mode of secretion in which part of the secretory cell is exuded in the product; i.e. sebaceous gland
the space underneath an osteoclast where bone matrix is being resorped
see cartilage
overgrowth of cells due to: overstimulation of the tissue/organ which they comprise, a cancer, or a benign condition such as BPH (benign prostratic hypertrophy)
a layer of connective tissue beneath the dermis; contains ample adipose
capillary network carrying neuroendocrine secretions from the median eminence and infundibular stem to the pars anterior
nerve tract leading from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
a region of the sarcomere whose span includes only actin filaments
terminal portion of small intestine; opens into cecum of the large intestine
antibody secreted by the plasma cells; types include:
mammary gland with much dense irregular connective tissue and no secretory activity
bodily response to injury characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and loss of function; triggered by heavy infiltration of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils
1)attachment between the hypothalamus and pituitary
2)see oviduct
concentric rings of bone matrix closer to the bone center
same as internal elastic lamina
layer of the neural retina composed of the basal lamina of Muller cells
layer of neural retina housing horizontal, amacrine, bipolar and Muller cells
contains processes of the cells of the inner nuclear layer
structure which connects adjacent muscle fibers at their ends; also allows for communication via gap junctions which span it
located between an acinus and larger ducts in salivary glands; secrete bicarbonate and absorb chloride; most prominent in salivary glands that produce watery secretions
the actin filament bundles interposed between adjacent Sertoli cells
a space between adjacent cells
branch of the renal artery; travels between adjacent renal pyramids
vessel that branches from an interlobar artery and descends into a kidney lobule; a lobule is a segment of a lobe, which in turn consists of a pyramid and surrounding tissue on its base and sides
duct of the mammary gland; located at a distance from lobules
vessel that carries deoxygenated blood in the same region as the interlobular artery, but in reverse course
cytoskeletal element which serves a general supportive and structural function
see pars intermedia
the involuntary, inner anal sphincter; composed of smooth muscle
see elastic laminae
same as internal elastic lamina
process of bone/cartilage growth due to cell division rather than matrix deposition
rows of bony matrix in the area between Haversian systems
in cartilage, material at a distance from cells; proteoglycans are in sparse concentration here; see also territorial matrix
see chorionic villus
same as crypt of Lieberkuhn
invagination of the parietal cell membrane with numerous microvilli; this system enhances the surface area available for HCL release
1) the equivalent of the striated duct; lined by cuboidal cells; functions in reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium; found in salivary glands and the pancreas
2) duct leading from the mammary lobules to the interlobular duct
process in which bone is laid down by osteoblasts without a prior cartilaginous precursor; primary mode of flat bone formation
visceral striated muscle; allow for voluntary tongue movement
the space between where the iris and cornea are anchored
diaphragm extending over the lens surface; controls pupil diameter
functional unit of the endocrine pancreas; composed of three cell types:
group of contiguous chondrocytes that results from the division of a single precursor
see oviduct
see lipocyte
middle portion of the small intestine
the combination of desmosomes, zonula adherens, and zonula occludens
structure adjacent to the afferent and efferent arterioles; it is involved in the release of renin, and hence the control of blood pressure; consists of:
see epidermis
cell of the epidermis which produces keratin
protein produced by the keratinocyte which becomes keratin when combined with tonofilaments (intermediate filaments)
a cell of the immune system that directly attacks foreign cells, causing lysis
cell of the mononuclear phagocytic system which resides in the space of Disse; degrades damaged erythrocytes
lining of the oral surface of the lip; consists of stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
a small lymphatic vessel located at the intestinal villus tip
the housing compartment of chondrocytes and osteocytes within their respective matrices
the loose connective tissue of mucous membranes
antigen-presenting cell of the stratum spinosum; has clear cytoplasm and dark-staining nucleus
air passage between the oropharynx and the trachea
elongate spermatozoan precursor bordering the seminiferous tubule lumen, yet still attached to a Sertoli cell
that side of the cell in contact with other cells; usually anchored by various filament complexes
layer of neural retina housing the photoreceptors
transparent, elliptical structure which along with the cornea, is a refractive element of the eye
thick basal lamina covering the lens
a cancer in which the numbers of leukocytes in the blood increase dramatically; immature blood cells are also found in circulation in this condition
a cell of the immune system; also known as a white blood cell
pituitary hormone which stimulates theca interna cells to secrete androgens
cell of the stroma surrounding the seminiferous tubule which produces testosterone; this hormone is important in the male for:
a transitional area between cornea and sclera
fatty acids, cholesterol, etc. housed in cells as vacuoles
lipid vacuoles inside cells; usually lost in preparation for microscopy
also known as "Ito cell"; cell of the liver which stores large amounts of lipid as well as vitamin A
vacuole containing debris; the older a cell, the more lipofuscin it will contain; also known as tertiary lysosome and residual body
elliptical model of liver organization with central veins on the ends of the long axis, and portal triads on the ends of the short longitudinal axis
subdivision of the lung; the left lung is divided into an upper and lower lobe, the right lung is divided into an upper, middle, and lower lobe
1)a group of ducts and surrounding connective tissue within the mammary gland
2)the functional unit of liver organization; defined variously as: the classical lobule, the liver acinus, and the portal lobule
3)an area of the lung supplied by a bronchiole
part of the ciliary muscle; causes tension of the lens
a U-shaped structure of the nephron consisting of the descending proximal straight tubule, the thin segment, and the ascending distal straight tubule
connective tissue with an abundance of cells and sparse fibers
aggregates of lymphocytes in the cortex of the lymph node
same as lymphatic vessel
a vessel that carries lymph, which consists of interstitial fluid, cells of the immune system, foreign cells, and other substances
Small round cell with dark nucleus and only a thin rim of cytoplasm:
the process of development of lymphocytes in lymph nodes
digestive organelles containing various hydrolytic enzymes;
located in the sarcomere, a region at the center of the H band which signifies the attachment sites of myosin filaments to each other
massive cell involved in phagocytosis of foreign material or defective host cells, and in antigen presentation; usually irregular in shape with vacuolated cytoplasm; the macrophage is difficult to distinguish from a fibroblast without the presence of phagocytosed material
see desmosome
specialized cell group of the distal convoluted tubule that is part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
in prostate cancer, the presence of glandular hypertrophy
eosinophilic inclusion found in the hepatocyte of alcoholics
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue; lymphatic aggregates of the cervical mucosa
acidophilic cell of the adenohypophysis which releases luteotropic hormone (LTH)
area between the red pulp and white pulp of the spleen
see bone marrow
large fixed cell that has large granules containing immunoreactive and vasoactive substances: histamine, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis, and heparin; found near blood vessels; round small nucleus (as compared to cell size); numerous granules show metachromasia with some stains
a cell after it has fully developed from its precursors; if applied to granulocytes, refers to the cell form of the circulation, which usually contains a multilobed segmented nucleus
continuous with the infundibulum; carries neurosecretory nerves
connective tissue that projects into the parenchyma of the testis, carrying with it blood and lymph vessels
the inner portion of an organ; in the thymus and lymph node, area of relatively sparse lymphocyte concentration
inner portion which contains a lesser concentration of lymphocytes
tissue of the medulla in lymph organs containing reticular cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
aggregate of the proximal, distal straight and collecting tubules
space between adjacent medullary cord; drains lymph into the efferent lymph vessel
also known as "central vein"; large, muscular vein of the adrenal medulla; its strong contractility facilitates quick release of the medullary hormones
a massive precursor of platelets within the bone marrow; possesses a multilobed nucleus
a process which produces daughter cells with half the DNA content of the parent; results in germ cell production
receptors of low frequency tactile stimuli; located on hairless skin
a ganglion of the submucosa which controls secretion in the digestive tract
a cell of the epidermis which produces melanin, the substance responsible for pigmentation
cell of the pars intermedia which stimulates melanin production; found in some non-human species
found within the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum; contains a glycolipid that forms a water barrier on the skin surface
see endometrium
cell of stratum basale which functions in cutaneous sensation
cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal corpuscle; involved in phagocytosis of debris
slit left exposed on outer myelin sheath after myelin wrapping is complete
squamous cell comprising the cellular part of the mesothelium
epithelial lining of the body cavities (i.e. thoracic, pericardial, abdominal)
phenomenon in which a basic dye changes color from blue to red/purple due to the dense presence of polyanionic groups (i.e. phosphates, sulfates)
precursor of granulocytes which shows varying degrees of indentation, and elongation of the nucleus indicative of differentiation into the more mature juvenile or band forms.
the curve between the ends of the bone (epiphysis) and the shaft of the bone (diaphysis)
the spread of a cancer to areas away from where it originated
cell involved in metastasis
bacteria; found in certain body cavities; see Pap smear
cytoskeletal element involved in cell anchorage, contraction, exocytosis/endocytosis, structure of microvilli, and locomotion; actin and myosin are examples
cytoskeletal element found in cilia, flagella, basal bodies, the mitotic spindle, centrioles, cytoplasm, and elongating cell processes (i.e. axon)
processes of the apical plasma membrane of absorptive cells; increase surface area for absorption
see zona glomerulosa
the point where the collecting ducts of a pyramid drain; several of these structures drain into a major calyx
oxidative organelle of the cell; believed to be derived from a prokaryotic symbiote
involutions of the inner mitochondrial membrane protruding into the matrix; contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
process which produces two daughter cells, each with genetic material equal in amount to the parent
cell in the process of dividing into two daughter cells which will contain the same amount of genetic material as the parent
newly forming bone atop calcified cartilage; seen in endochondral bone formation
bony core around which the cochlea turns 2 and 3/4 times
precursor of the promonocyte
the large blood-borne precursor of mononuclear phagocytic system cells; has some vacuoles and indented nucleus frequently lacking nucleoli
cells capable of vigorous phagocytosis; arise from monocytes; this system includes:
the border between the epidermis of the outer lip and the labial mucosa
the combination of an epithelial lining, the lamina propria, and muscularis muscosae
a mucous secretory unit with a circular arrangement of mucous cells
a cell that produces and releases mucous; vacuoles are usually visible within the eosiniphilic cytoplasm
a cell of a mucous gland located in the digestive tract, respiratory system, etc
a gland that release mucous, a glycoprotein
located at the neck of the fundic gland; secretes a soluble mucous
see mucous cell
cell lining the gastric pit; secretes an insoluble mucous
see myofiber
most numerous of artery types; notable for thick, muscular tunica media; example is brachial artery
located beneath the submucosa of the esophagus; consists of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
deepest layer of the mucosa; consists of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
lipid-rich substance that is formed as a sheath by Schwann cells onto certain types of nerves; allows for rapid conduction
see myelin
see myelin
see myelin
precursor of the promyelocyte; have large nuclei
precursor in the granulocyte cell line; first one to contain specific granules; has slightly indented nucleus; also a reduction in the number of the azurophilic granules; cells are further distinguished according to the type ofgranules that develop, i.e., neutrophilic myelocyte (60%), eosinophilic myelocyte, basophilic myelocyte (3%); the nucleus of these cells is slightly indented; cells in this series divide and give rise to metamyelocytes
intermediate, bulky layer of the heart wall; comprised of numerous cardiac myocytes
contractile cell that lines glands; it contracts to cause secretion; i.e. the alveoli of the mammary gland are lined by these cells
also known as "myotube"; the muscle cell
a unit of repeating sarcomeres; subunit of the myofiber
spindle-shaped cell that displays cytological characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells; elongated nucleus often exhibits an wavily profile; cytoplasm can be distinguished from the surrounding matrix due to the presents of actin filaments (and dense bodies at EM-level); does not have basal (external) lamina; is seen usually as an isolated cell, although its processes may contact the processes of other myofibroblast (gap junctions at EM-level); contractile cell of connective tissue; major role in wound contraction
functional and structural protein of muscle cells; see actin and myosin
a cell of the stroma surrounding the seminiferous tubule; has contractile properties and also secretes the stroma matter
smooth muscle layer of the uterus
thick filament constituent protein which together with actin allows for muscle contraction
see myofiber
nucleus of a myofiber
see mucous neck cell
functional unit of the kidney; consists of a glomerulus and its tubular network
see nerve fiber
structure comprised of the axon and its myelin sheath; a bundle of nerve fibers forms a nerve, which serves as a "cable" to communicate electrical signals throughout the body
nerve supply to vessels; located in the tunica adventitia
intermediate filament located in axons function in axonal transport
posterior pituitary; contains neurosecretory tissue
the nerve cell; allows for conduction and reception via specialized processes (axons and dendrites)
also known as "polymorphonuclear leukocyte"; a leukocyte which engages actively in phagocytosis and is the main trigger for the inflammation response; multilobed nucleus with heterochromatin and no visible nucleolus; some granules in cytoplasm may stain light blue to pink depending on conditions
rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) of the nerve cell
space between two adjacent Schwann cells which is a gap in the myelin sheath; allows for a jumping signal known as "saltatory conduction"
those cells lacking cilia; see also oviduct
see stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
see myelin
also referred to as "noradrenaline"; hormone of the adrenal medulla involved in the sympathetic response
also known as "orthochromatophilic erythroblast"; erythrocyte precursor with heavy eosinophilic stain due to dense hemoglobin production
the membrane surrounding the nucleus; continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
opening in nuclear envelope which allows for transit of ribosomal subunits, mRNA, etc.
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis; appears as dense structure within the nucleus
enveloped compartment containing the genetic material of the cell
see nucleus
bipolar neurons that are the receptorsof smell in the nasal cavity
epithelium responsible for the sense of smell; consists of:
the developing female gamete
production of oocytes
cells which give rise to primordial follicles
model in which blood empties from splenic arterioles into the splenic cords and from there into the splenic sinuses
layer of the neural retina containing the axons of the ganglion cells
see labial mucosa
voluntary muscle which allows for eyelid closure
striated, voluntary muscle of the lip
a structure that performs a specific function (i.e. digestive action of stomach)
consists of hair cells and supporting cells atop the basilar membrane; it is the site of aufioreception when hair cells are stimulated by vibrations
a flat, eosinophilic cell which secretes bone matrix
a phagocytic cell involved in the resorption of bone matrix
a mature osteoblast; has an ovoid shape
unmineralized bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
see Haversian system
cell contained in the periosteum, the fibrous layer which covers bone; gives rise to osteoblasts
concentric rings of bony matrix closer to the bone periphery than the center
the outer portion of the lymph node cortex containing nodules, which in turn house germinal centers
see elastic laminae
layer between the layer of rods and cones and the outer nuclear layer
layer of the neural retina housing the cell bodies of rods and cones
layer of the neural retina containing the processes of rods, cones, bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells
structure seen in polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD); lined by granulosa cells and surrounded by hypertrophic theca interna cells
the supporting tissue of the ovary; contains much loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
lined by ciliated cells and nonciliated ("peg") cells; tube leading from the ovary to the uterus; has four parts:
the process of oocyte release from the Graafian follicle; occurs due to a sharp rise in leutinizing hormone (LH)
round, acidophilic cell of the parathyroid with no known function
pressure receptor of the skin located in the dermis and hypodermis
unusually thick veins of the spermatic cord; have at least two smooth muscle layers
secretory cell of the pancreas; contain granules visible under LM
circular secretory unit of the exocrine pancreas
specialized cell of the the small intestine that releases antibacterial substances and engages in phagocytosis; regulates the small intestinal flora population
cytological exam conducted by scraping the vaginal and cervical lining; contains epithelial cells, granulocytes, microbiological flora, erythrocytes, and lymphocytes; may on occasion contain cancer cells
cell located between thyroid follicles; secretes calcitonin
epithelium of the mucocutaneous junction; analogous to the epidermis but with a top layer of cells that retain their nuclei
disease state signified by retention of nuclei in the cells of the stratum corneum
ovoid gland associated with the thyroid gland; produces parathyroid hormone necessary for phosphate and calcium regulation
the functional tissue of an organ; as opposed to its supportive elements (i.e. the stroma
any cell involved in the basic function(s) of a given tissue, i.e. hepatocyte of the liver
cell of the fundic gland that releases HCL and intrinsic factor
outer layer of the capsule; consists of squamous cells
a serous gland of the oral cavity
also known as "pars distalis"; the main secretory portion of the adenohypophysis; three cell types within it are
part of the adenohypophysis with unknown function; secretes MSH in certain species
part of the neurohypophysis which has neurosecretory nerve endings
part of the adenohypophysis which encircles the pars intermedia
branch of the central artery of the spleen as it enters the red pulp
"PALS"; layer of lymphocytes aggregated around the central artery of the spleen
mesothelial layer surrounding the outer heart surface; contains vessels and nerves supplying the heart
dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds hyaline cartilage; contains fibroblasts and chondroblast precursors
precursor of smooth muscle cells located in certain capillaries
the cell body of the neuron
fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinth
connective tissue that surrounds a group of muscle fibers to form a fasicle
a cell of the perineurium; has contractile property
connective tissue which surrounds a nerve fiber bundle
dense connective tissue layer that surrounds bone; contains osteoprogenitor cells
branch of the efferent arteriole which supplies and exchanges substances with the tubular network of the nephron
oxidative organelle; also known as 'microbody'; contains catalase and other peroxidases to break down hydrogen peroxidase produced from oxidative processes
active engulfment by a cell of particles or another cell
passage between the nasal and oral cavities and the larynx
layer of the retina which prevents light scatter
cell of the neurohypophysis which may play a supportive role to the neurons located in that structure
derivatives of B-lymphocytes which mass produce antibodies; eccentrically placed nucleus with round shape; the distinct pattern or heterochromatin frequently presents a "cartwheel" appearance; negative Golgi and basophilic cytoplasm are evident
semipermeable bilayer which surrounds cells; consists of phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates
formed element of the blood involved in clotting
semicircular folds within the submucosa of the small intestine; confer an irregular surface to the inner small intestine; most numerous in the jejunum
cell of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule; has numerous foot processes which act as part of the filtration barrier
body of excess cytoplasm produced in the meiotic division of the oocyte; eventually degenerate
cell that has cytoplasm that is a dull gray to gray-green color due to a combination of basophilic staining (polyribosomes) and eosinophilic staining (hemoglobin); continued division and maturation gives rise to normoblasts
small, basophilic, enucleated cell which is the immediate precursor of the erythrocyte
triangular model of liver organization with three central veins surrounding a portal triad
a system in which a vein or arteriole is interposed between two capillary beds; found in the kidney, liver, and piutitary
branches of the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the bile duct that run in tandem within the liver parenchyma
a vessel that brings blood from the digestive tract, spleen, and pancreas to the liver
also known as high endothelial vessel (HEV); vessels with cuboidal lining in the deep cortex
space posterior to the iris and anterior to thelens
see neurohypophysis
site of initial bone formation inside the diaphysis
see folliculogenesis
see folliculogenesis
see folliculogenesis
cell of the parathyroid which secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
polypeptide which is converted to collagen extracellularly
earliest precursor of erythrocytes; has large nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm; 13-18 um in diameter; large spherical nucleus with 1-2 distinct nucleoli; thin rim of slight to moderate basophilic cytoplasm (basophilia attributable to increasing numbers of free ribosomes; rER absent); divides to give rise to basophilic erythroblast
mammary gland consisting of dense concentration of secretory structures
see endometrium
precursor of the monocyte; large cell with a slightly indented nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm
also known as "progranulocyte"; large cell which is the earliest precursor of the granulocytes; has slightly indented nucleus and distinct nucleolus; 16 um in diameter; characterized by cytoplasmic azurophilic granules; during maturation there is an increase in number of granules and increase in cell size (24 um) as a result of one or more divisions, smaller late promyelocytes are produced
largest accessory sex gland; secretes acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, and citric acid; contains prostatic glands
calcified aggregate of the prostate gland which has "tree ring" like appearance; found especially in older men
tubuloalveolar gland that secretes acid phosphatase, citric acid, and fibrinolysin into the urethra
spaces that open into the prostatic urethra
the portion of the urethra within the prostate
tortuous tubule close in proximity to the glomerulus; the cuboidal cells of this structure exhibit a prominent brush border; most of sodium-potassium and water reabsorption occur here
tubule of the medullary ray; lined by cuboidal cells with weak brush borders
unilayer of columnar cells, all of whose apices do not contact the lumen; the lining of the trachea, bronchi, ductus deferens, and ductus epididymis; suited for secretion, absorption, or duct-lining
vessel that brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs
vessel that brings oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart; lined with cardiac muscle
large, eosinophilic cells with prominent nuclei specialized for conduction of electrical signals in the heart; allows for rhythmicity of heartbeat
a condensed nucleus; forms as a prelude to apoptosis
gland of the stomach pylorus (region which meets the duodenum); branched, tubular glands containing mostly mucous surface cells and some parietal and APUD cells
cone-shaped structure which houses the tubular networks of the numerous nephrons of the kidney parencyma
an erythrocyte; biconcave-shaped, enucleated cell responsible for oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
area of the oral surface of the lip which is thin and rich in blood vessels
part of the spleen rich in red blood cells; these are filtered and removed here (if damaged)
hormone of the hypothalamus which stimulates secretion by the adenohypophysis
see minor calyx
cortical tissue in between two adjacent pyramids
the combination of Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus
a segment of a renal lobe; the lobe consists of a pyramid and its surrounding connective tissue
1)see lysosome
2)excess cytoplasm shed by the late spermatid
a "tunnel" carved by osteoclasts advancing through bony matrix during bone remodeling
see bronchiole
epithelium of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree
the structures of the respiratory system that function in gas exchange; these include:
same as inactive mammary gland
channel lined with simple cuboidal epithelium that extends from the tubuli recti
1)this stellate cell has long processes usually attached to the reticular fibers; the processes cover "reticular fibers" which are the collagenous stroma of the lymph node
2)"adventitial cell"; may function as antigen-presenting cell
3)cell of the bone marrow which provides support for developing blood cells
connective tissue element composed of collagen III; provides supporting framework for various tissues
same as polychromatophilic erythrocyte
structure within the eye responsible for photoreception; consists of several layers (outer to inner):
cellular structure responsible for translating mRNA message into protein product
photoreceptor of the retina responsible for black/white vision
invagination of the gallbladder mucosa that allows for bacterial aggregation, and hence infection
long, winding organelle which is studded with ribosomes involved in producing proteins bound for secretion or plasma membrane integration
extensions of the membrane of the osteoclast involved in resorption of bony matrix
longitudinal folds of the inner stomach
plasma membrane of myofibers
banded arrangement of myofilaments which is the basic contractile unit in striated muscle
cytoplasm of muscle cells
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) of skeletal, cardiac, and visceral striated muscle (i.e. pharynx, tongue, and diaphragm) especially suited for sequestration/release of calcium
1)cell that gives rise to new muscle cells upon injury to muscle tissue
2)supporting cell of nerve cell bodies located in ganglia
middle compartment of the cochlear canal; houses the basilar membrane and organ of Corti
lowest compartment of the cochlear canal
uppermost compartment of the cochlear canal
space within the myelin sheath containing Schwann cell cytoplasm
supporting cell of the peripheral nervous system; forms the myelin sheath
opaque layer of dense connective tissue covering the eye around the cornea
gland of the epidermis that secretes an oily coat which provides barrier and bacteriostatic function
oil gland associated with eyelashes
center of bone deposition after birth; located in the upper epiphysis
see folliculogenesis
see endometrium
bud from the trans Golgi containing proteins bound for secretion
pyramid-shaped region between the prostatic sinuses
highly tortuous structure within which male germ cells begin development
connective tissue within the parenchyma of an organ (i.e. thymus, in which septa emerge from the capsule into the parenchyma)
a mesothelium and its underlying connective tissue
circular arrangement of serous-secreting cells
cell that secretes a watery fluid
a half moon-shaped structure attached to a mucus gland which produces serous secretions
a gland whose secretions are watery rather than organic
see serous cell
columnar cells within the seminiferous tubule; nourishes the developing germ cell and protects them from antibodies by forming the blood-testis barrier; also phagocytoses residual bodies
a single layer of columnar cells typically lining the digestive system; ideal for absorption
a single layer of cuboidal cells typically lining ducts (i.e. exocrine ducts, kidney tubules, etc.)
a single layer of squamous cells; found in lining of body cavities, blood vessels, respiratory surfaces, and kidney elements; ideal for both barrier and gas exchange function
capillary whose basement membrane is not fully adjoined and whose endothelial cells maintain an intercellular distance; found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow
endothelial cells which line sinusoids of the bone marrow
voluntary, striated muscle which allows for body movement via rapid contractions; the striations result from the banded pattern of the sarcomere
thin membrane covering the slit pores; influences filtration
space between the foot processes of podocytes
APUD cell of the respiratory epithelium
tubular organelle involved in:
involuntary, non-striated muscle; allows for slow, prolonged contraction
cell which resides in and secretes the matrix of smooth muscle; communicates with other smooth muscle cells via gap junctions
acidophilic cell of the adenohypophysis which produces growth hormone (GH)
space between the basal surfaces of the hepatocytes and the basal surfaces of endothelial cells and Kupffer cells; region of hepatocyte-blood exchange; also houses the lipocytes
container for antibacterial agents, such as lysozyme; present in the granulocytes
same as spermatozoa
the process of spermatocyte formation; occurs in the seminiferous tubule
the process of spermatozoan development from spermatogonia; occurs in the seminiferous tubule
diploid stem cell of the male germ line
male germ cells; equipped with flagella which allows it to travel to oocyte for fertilization
the development of spermatids into fully mature spermatozoa; begins in the seminiferous tubule and continues through the epididymis
muscle of the iris which constricts the pupil
vessel of the uterine lining which undergoes structural changes during the menstrual cycle; see endometrium
group of nerve cell bodies located in the modiolus; responsible for auditory reception
structure located along the lateral cochlear wall; it is a thickening of the periosteum in that region
component of the spleen which consists of reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes; located in the red pulp
areas of the splenic white pulp housing B-lymphocytes
areas between splenic cords; located in the red pulp
also known as "cancellous bone"; bone consisting of many trabecular formations; houses much blood supply
the part of the urethra within the penis
area which is a transition between the stratified squamous epithelium of the exocervix and the simple columnar epithelium of the endocervix; the area where the former epithelium overtakes the latter is known as the transformation zone
a cell whose width dimension is greater than its height
any cell that serves as a precursor for another, i.e. the basal cell of epithelia
unusually long microvilli present only in the epididymis and hair cells of the ear
a multilayer of columnar epithelial cells; serves well as a barrier or in duct-lining
multilayer of cuboidal cells that lines sweat glands and ducts and some ducts of exocrine glands; serves well as barrier and conduit (duct-lining)
multilayer of squamous cells; lining of oral cavity, esophagus, epidermis, and vagina; serves as a barrier and protective layer
see epidermis
the lining of the vagina and the oral surface of the lip
1) see epidermis
2) see endometrium
see epidermis
see endometrium
see epidermis
see epidermis
see epidermis
located on lateral cochlear wall; site of endolymph synthesis
the brush border of the intestines
same as intralobular duct
the supporting tissue of an organ; consists of various connective tissue elements; see also parenchyma
see cortical sinus
1) layer beneath the endocardium; houses the conduction system of the heart
2) inner layer of the tunica intima
gland located in the floor of the mouth; most are mucous glands some of which house serous demilunes
gland located on either side of the floor of the mouth; are mostly serous glands and some mucous glands
a stabilizing layer of dense irregular connective tissue below the mucosa; provides resistance to shearing forces
grouping of adipocytes beneath the pericardium
same as sustentacular cell
a cell which suppresses B-lymphocytes activity to prevent a hyperimmune response
phospholipid released by type II pneumocytes which prevents collapse of the alveolus
fiber connecting the lens to the ciliary body; allow for ciliary muscle control of the lens
columnar cell that provides nutritional support to olfactory cells
space between an axon and its target (neurons or effector cells)
part of the trophoblast of the blastocyst; multinucleate layer that embeds into the endometrium
internal extension of the plasma membrane in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells which allow for rapid calcium entry (necessary for contraction)
also known as Meibomian glands; long sebaceous glands of the tarsal plates
flexible support of the eyelid; consists of dense fibrous and elastic tissue
specialized group of cells within the papillae of the dorsal tongue; allow for various forms of taste
structure overlying the organ of Corti which is involved in producing a shearing effect on the hair cells upon vibration; this process stimulates the hair cells, leading to sound perception
elongated cell with invisible cytoplasm and flattened, poorly-stained, nucleus; appears in the tendon and is positioned in a very regular pattern of rows between parallel bundles of collagen fibers; makes fibers and ground substance of the tendon
dense regular connective tissue which joins muscle to bone
smooth muscle bands on the outer surface of the colon (large intestine); three of these strips can be seen macroscopically
light microscopy term for the junctional complex
see bronchiole
a horizontal network of actin filaments that crosses with the vertical microvillar actin filaments to grant support, and perhaps contractile ability
proteoglycan-rich matrix directly adjacent to the lacuna of a chondrocyte (or isogenous group)
see Leydig cells
outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the growing follicle; contains many smooth muscle cells
inner layer of the connective tissue sheath surrounding the maturing follicle; highly vascularized; secrete androgens that are converted by granulosa cells to estrogen
cell of the corpus luteum derived from the theca interna
see myosin
see actin
the thin, bottom portion of the loop of Henle
the process of clot formation
see cortex
see medulla
produces triiodothyronine and thyroxine which are responsible for aspects of metabolism, growth, etc.
acidophilic cell of the adenohypophysis; produces thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
a group of cells with a common structure and function(s)
see absorptive cell
see lymphocyte
1) connected spicules which form a meshwork in spongy bone
2) connective tissue that extends from the capsule into the substance of the lymph node or spleen; houses various vessels, including the trabecular artery and vein
see trabeculae
see trabeculae
see trabeculae
air conducting tube which branches into the left and right bronchi; the bronchi further divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, and bronchioles, in that order
cellular layer capable of undergoing a change in its property (i.e. shape of dome cells of the bladder)
another name for the collagen molecule
double helix protein which covers myosin-binding sites on actin filaments
protein which is connected to tropomyosin and along with it, block the myosin-binding site on the actin filament
small channels leading away from the seminiferous tubules; lined only by Sertoli cells
connective tissue tissue layer on the outside of arteries and veins which houses nerves, vessels, and much adipose
1)thick outer connective tissue covering of the testis
2)a dense fibroelastic sheath surrounding the erectile tissue of the penis
3)dense connective tissue layer located beneath the germinal epithelium of the ovary
innermost layer of vessels; consists of the endothelium and a subendothelial layer of connective tissue
intermediate layer of vessels; has much smooth muscle and connective tissue
squamous cell that lines most of the alveolar surface
cuboidal cell that is part of the alveolar lining; secretes surfactant
maternal vessel whose branches pass into the villi and exchange material with the fetal circulation
those lacking a myelin sheath; are relatively slow in conduction
a channel originating in the bladder that delivers semen and urine through the penis
the pole of the renal corpuscle continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule
space between the visceral and parietal layers of Bowman's capsule; site of filtrate delivery
menstrual flow; composed of epithelial cells and blood
glands of the uterine mucosa; see endometrium
see stroma
female reproductive organ which houses and supports the developing embryo
fibromuscular tube opening into the cervix; lined with stratified squamous epithelium
a structure within blood and lymph vessels that prevents backflow
the vessels that supply and exchange substances with the tubular network of a juxtamedullary nephron
blood supply located in the tunica adventitia
the entry/exit point of the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole, respectively, from the renal corpuscle
opening within erectile tissue lined by endothelial cells; allows for profuse blood flow during erection
vessel which carries oxygen-poor blood away from tissues to the heart
venous channel of the cranial cavity lined with endothelial cells
mucosal fold of the larynx located above the vocal folds; important in resonance
small vessel carrying deoxygenated blood; located between a capillary and a small vein
see blood vessel
also known as "Reissner's membrane"; the upper wall of the scala media
1) finger-like extension of the mucosa of the small intestine
2) see chorionic villus
see serosa
space containing the vitreous humor of the eye
gel-like substance that fills the posterior portion of the eye; gives the eye its shape
two folds of musoca within the larynx; vibrations of these folds produce sound pitch
channel which allows passage of blood vessels and nerves from the periosteal layer to the Haversian canals
serous gland at the base of papillae that wash away food particles
a cell that can travels distances to execute their function; i.e. lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes
a cell of the immune system; known also as leukocyte
area of the spleen rich in lymphocytes
see Z-disk
anchoring area for actin filaments in the sarcomere
middle zone of the adrenal cortex composed of cord-like arrangement of cells; site of glucocorticoid production; glucocorticoids function in:
outer zone of the adrenal cortex; cells here secrete mineralocorticoids (i.e. aldosterone), which function in the resorption of sodium at the expense of potassium
acidophilic layer between the oocyte and adjacent follicular cells; first appears in the primary follicle
the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex; produces weak androgens and some glucocorticoids
layer where chondrocytes degenerate due to calcification of matrix; see calcified cartilage
layer of massive chondrocytes containing large stores of glycogen
layer of large chondrocytes undergoing active growth and division
layer of little cellular growth or matrix production
layer closest to shaft of bone; cartilage is actively digested by osteoclasts here
relatively weak band-like intercellular adhesion on lateral cell surface
lateral surface cellular adhesion which serves as a diffusion barrier
acidophilic granule containing secretory products in their inactive forms, i.e. granules of the pancreatic acinar cells contain trysinogen, chymotrypsinogen, etc.