At the completion of this unit, the student will be able to:

1. List and discuss the most important causes of lower urinary tract obstruction.

2. Discuss the causes, pathogenesis and pathology of the various forms of cystitis.

3. Discuss the epidemiology, possible causes and pathology of urinary bladder cancer.

4. Discuss the etiology and pathology of urethritis in males and females.

5. Describe the various forms of cryptorchidism and list two possible consequences of this disorder.

6. Describe the pathology of inflammatory lesions of the male GU system: orchitis, epididymitis, urethritis, balanoposthitis and list the most common causes of each of these conditions.

7. Discuss the histogenesis and classification of testicular tumors.

8. Contrast and compare seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis.

9. Describe the pathology and clinical features of Leydig cell and Sertoli cell tumors.

10. Discuss the tumor markers of testicular neoplasia.

11. Discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and relate pathology to clinical symptoms.

12. Discuss the epidemiology, pathology and clinical features of carcinoma of the prostate.

13. Discuss the value of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and prostate specific antigen for the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma.

14. Discuss the epidemiology, possible causes, gross and microscopic pathology of carcinoma of the penis and related precursor lesions.

15. Define the listed Keywords

16. Be able to identify, from projected slides, each of the diseases/conditions depicted in the Supplemental Image Database.