Reading Assignment:

Reading assignment from Gaw's Clinical Biochemistry for the first week of the course is as follows:

• Pages 2-10 (Introducing clinical biochemistry)
• Pages 22-23 (Potassium disorders)
• Pages 44-45 (Proteins and enzymes)

There will be ten questions from this material on the first interim examination.

1. Describe the essential components of a typical cell and their functions.

2. Explain how the functions of cells are coordinated and integrated and define homeostasis and steady state.

3. Define reversible and irreversible cell injury and describe the flux of water and minerals across the plasma membrane of injured cells.

4. Explain the cytoplasmic changes in reversible cell injury.

5. Define and describe the nuclear changes in irreversible cell injury.

6. Define apoptosis and give examples of its significance.

7. List the most important causes of cell injury, and explain the role of oxygen radicals in cell injury.

8. Describe cell killing by viruses.

9. Describe outcomes of cell death with special emphasis on calcification.

10. Define and explain atrophy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia and give appropriate examples of each.

11. Define and explain metaplasia and dysplasia and give appropriate examples of each.

12. Describe intracellular storage and various diseases in which it occurs.

13. Describe various forms of necrosis and give appropriate examples of coagulative, liquefactive, fat necrosis, caseous and fibrinoid necrosis.

14. Discuss the current theories of aging with special emphasis on genetic aspects of aging.

15. Discuss the changing concepts of death.

16. Define the listed Keywords in terms of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical significance and pathology whenever appropriate.

17. Identify key features and interpret the disease processes depicted in the Supplemental Image Database, with special emphasis on the clinical implication of these pathological findings.