Keywords: Chapter 1, Cell Injury
Aging
Normal process characterized by typical, functional and morphologic changes indicative of age related changes in the body.
Amyloid
Amyloid is a heterogenous, meshwork collection of pathologic fibrillar protein. The general protein types are amyloid light chain protein and amyloid protein. Amyloid can be differentiated from hyaline by its positive reation with the Congo red stain.
Apoptosis
Programmed individual cell death that occurs normally in development, during aging and in various pathologic conditions. It requires activation of specific genes and enzymes and is energy dependent.
Atrophy
Decreased size of cells, tissues, or organs.
Calcification
Deposition of calcium salts in tissue.
Caseous necrosis
Form of necrosis, resembling cheese. Typical of tuberculosis but may be found in some fungal diseases as well.
Death
Cessation of normal body functions. In legal terms defined as "brain death", i.e., loss of higher cortical functions.
Degeneration
The deterioration of cell function following nonlethal cell injury.
Dysplasia
Abnormal differentiation or maturation of tissue. Refers also to preneoplastic changes in the epithelium (e.g. cervical dysplasia).
Etiology
From the Greek aitia, cause. Literally, the study of causes. So, in pathology (the study of disease), the etiology of a disease would mean the cause or causes of a disease or condition, as in etiologic agent.
Gangrene
Massive necrosis of tissue.
Hemosiderin
Iron containing pigment derived from hemoglobin. Turns blue in a Prusian blue reaction
Hyaline
Homogeneous material that stains with eosin. May be intracellular (e.g. Mallory hyaline) or extracellular.
Hydropic swelling
Reversible cell injury characterized by an influx of water and sodium chloride and vacuolation of cytoplasm.
Hyperplasia
Enlargement of an organ due to increased number of cells.
Hypertrophy
An enlargement in an organ or part due to an increase in cell size; usually pertains to muscle.
Karyolysis
Cell death characterized by lysis of chromatin due to the action of DNAase and RNAase.
Karyorrhexis
Cell death characterized by fragmentation of the nucleus.
Lipofuscin
Wear and tear pigement composed of incompletely digested material usually rich in lipid.
Liquefaction necrosis
Form of necrosis characterized by transformation of solid tissue into fluid.
Lysosomal storage diseases
Inborn errors of metabolism characterized by accumulation of metabolic byproducts or incompletely processed metabolites in lysosomes.
Metaplasia
A change from one cell type to another.
Necrosis
The morphological changes in tissue caused by cell death. Several forms are required such as coagulayive, liquefactive, caseous, fatty, fibrinoid.
Pathogenesis
Sequence of events that leads to the development of disease.
Pigment
Any substance that has its own color. May be endogenous (e.g. hemoglobin) or exogenous (e.g. tattoo, or carbon in anthracosis).
Progeria
Disease characterized by early onset of aging.
Pyknosis
Form of cell death characterized by condensation of nucleus and clumping of chromatin.